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CELL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation: How Cells Produce ATP Discover how mitochondria convert energy from nutrients into ATP through the electron transport chain, proton gradients, and ATP synthase. Mitochondria are essential organelles responsible for producing much of the energy used by eukaryotic cells. One of their most important functions is mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, a process that generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main energy c …